Government Administration Final Paper Synopsis On...

Government Administration Final Paper: Synopsis on Government and Student Conducted Meetings Meetings are universally common among people, whether it’s a council, school, club, job, community or government gathering. People assemble in groups to discuss plans for the future, issues, solutions and they also reflect on previous experiences. Although meetings convene for the same purpose, initiating and engaging in a government meeting could be different from sitting in for a local community meeting. The village of Pleasantville’s board meetings with the village’s trustees and mayor is conducted similarly to Pace’s Student Government meetings and the Pace Community meetings, yet each meeting differs by serving their specific and targeted community for their own purpose. The village of Pleasantville conducts public board meetings every second and fourth Monday of each month. On rare occasions, for further discussion on serious issues or concerns of Pleasantvil le, the village board will conduct meetings—like a public hearing—on other weekdays. These meetings are located in the conference room on the second floor of the Pleasantville Police Station building. The village board consists of four trustees—Steven Lord, Mindy Berard, Colleen Griffin Wagner and Joseph Stargiotti—a mayor—Peter Scherer—a village clerk—Judith Weintraub—and the village administrator—Patricia Dwyer. 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Why Is Psychology An Androcentric Discipline - 1733 Words

To what extent is psychology an androcentric discipline? It is well known that psychology is the study of an individual s brain and the way it functions including understanding behaviour, memory, movement and intelligence. Psychology is defined in a really complex way because it touches many different aspects of, not only science, but also social studies. According to Zimbardo (1992), Psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes. In psychology, the study and research of androcentric is very important because it is based on the understanding of the differences between males and females. Androcentric relates to psychology through the analysis of the study of an individual masculine s behaviour. Androcentric is only one of the many biases that exist in psychology. It focuses on the way men view females and the world. To start with, androcentric was born when women started demanding more rights for power because of the fact that they did not have many rights. It is one of the many different types of biases along with ethnocentrism, racism, biases from methodology, heterosexism, ageism and classicism. An androcentric man treats women in a very inferior way. Men are considered to be more confident than women, but women show less pride when compared to men (Tavris, 1991). Even psychologist can be very androcentric. One example is Lawrence Kohlberg whose research is essential when it comes to theShow MoreRelated‘Evaluate the Extent to Which Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Can Help Us to Understand a Client’s Presenting Issue?’3352 Words   |  14 Pagesexperiences that determined ones future behavior and personality development. While his theories were considered shocking at the time and continue to create debate and controversy, his work had a profound influence on a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, literature, and art. The term psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freud’s work and research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories. Freud relied

Income Tax Assessment Act 1997-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Can Robyn be taxed on any part of her salary, from Victoria University, in Australia for the 2016/17 tax year and any other years she acts as coordinator in Calcutta. Fully explain your answer. 2.Determine what amounts will form part of Pauls assessable income for the 2016/17 taxation year. Answers: 1.Issue The major issue is to determine whether the taxpayer Robyn from Victoria University would be taxed as per Australian tax law for the tax year 2016/17. Law The tax liability on the derived income of taxpayer mainly depends on the tax residency position. When a taxpayer is termed as Australian tax resident, then the income derived from domestic (Australian) source and from international sources would be taxed as highlighted in Section 6-5(2), ITAA 1997[1]. Further, when the taxpayer is foreign tax resident then only the part of income which is derived from Australian sources would be held for taxation as per the highlights of Section 6-5(3), ITAA 1997[2]. Therefore, it is critical aspect to find the tax residency position of underlying taxpayer. Section (1), ITAA 1936, comprises imperative provisions related to the tax residency status of individual taxpayer. Further, in order to determine the tax residency position of taxpayer tax ruling TR 98/17[3] would be taken into consideration. When the taxpayer is residing in other country rather than Australia then the tax residency positions would be determined based on residency tests. There are four main tests (Residency tests) describe in the TR 98/17 which comprises the requisite conditions that needs to be satisfied by the concerned taxpayer in order to recognized as Australia tax resident. It is essential that taxpayer must fulfill the conditions of at least one of residency test[4]. Residency tests and their applicability are as given below: Tests Residency Tests Applicability 1. Resides Test Foreign Residents 2. Superannuation Test Australian Governments officers 3. Domicile Test Australian Residents 4. 183 day Test Foreign Residents Determination of tax residency position when the taxpayer is foreign resident[5] Resides Test There is no direct law or ruling available in Australian tax law, which describes the actual meaning and implication of word Resides. Hence, the relevant case law and their verdicts are taken into consideration in order to decide the tax residency through this test. Moreover, the main factors considered by the tax authorities are as highlighted below[6]: Purpose of visits and abode in Australia Frequency of visits Presence of any personal/professional/educational tie with Australia Social arrangement of taxpayer with Australia Also, the nationality of the taxpayer would be taken into account while deciding the tax residency status for the given tax year. 183-day test When the taxpayer who is foreign resident and has stayed in Australia, then the following conditions need to be satiated by the taxpayer in order to pass this test. Taxpayer has stayed in Australia for minimum 183 days in the given assessment tax year Taxpayer must has strong will to permanently settle in Australia Superannuation test When the government of Australia has sent their officers to overseas in order to fulfill the government duties, then this test is used to check the tax residency of officer taxpayer. It is essential that the taxpayer has systematic and steady contribution in any of the superannuation scheme of Australian government. These schemes are as given below: Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS) Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSSS) Domicile test The taxpayer must satisfied the following two conditions of domicile test in regards to termed as Australian tax resident irrespective of the fact that taxpayer has resided in foreign land[7]. Taxpayer must hold Australian domicile under the provisions of Domicile Act 1982 Taxpayers permanent abode must located in Australia only (the Levene v, I.R.C.[8] case is the testimony of this condition) When the taxpayer who holds Australian domicile but the permanent abode is located in foreign land, then he/she would be categorized as foreign resident. Therefore, it is imperative to check the location of permanent abode of taxpayer. As per the verdict of Applegate per Franki[9]case, if the taxpayer holds Australian domicile but resides in foreign land for substantial period of time (i.e. atleast 2 years) or having intention to extend the abode than it would be assumed that the permanent place of abode has been shifted from Australia. In such case, the person would not be termed as Australian tax resident. The main features related to the permanent abode of taxpayer are described in the tax ruling IT 2650 and are given below[10]: Difference in the actual and expected abode in foreign land Taxpayers intention to purchase home in foreign country Intention of the taxpayer to make another visits to any other country or to go back to Australia after a definite but substantial time period Total duration of stay in foreign land and willingness to extent the stay Strength of association (professional/private and so forth) with Australia Activity of taxpayer which highlights the intent to make permanent abode in foreign land Application Robyn Rainer is the concerned taxpayer who was working as a lecturer in Victoria University in Australia. The university also conducted business courses in Calcutta University India. Jason Holm who was the coordinator in Calcutta University India has resigned from the job. After his resignation, the university was looking for a lecturer who can go and stay in India and continue the work. Taxpayer who was looking for a career opportunity as a course coordinator has expressed her interest and also gets approved for the post. On January 14, she has joined the Calcutta University India. It is apparent that the taxpayer is neither an Australian government officer nor a foreign resident and hence, superannuation test, 183 day test and resides test are not applicable. Further, she is an Australian resident and therefore, the only valid test is domicile test in order to check the tax residency status of Robyn. Applicable test Domicile test Robyn has Australia domicile. Permanent place of abode needs to be determined as per tax ruling IT 2650. It is apparent from the case facts that she lives in a company owned flat in India. She has also opened a bank account in Indian bank where she has receiving half of her salary. She has rented her flat located in Melbourne for a period of 12 months. She has intention to remain in the position of coordinator in Calcutta as long as the course is conducted in India. Hence, it would be fair to conclude that Robyn has arrived India for a substantial time and thus, her permanent place of abode has shifted from Australian and located in India. Based on the facts, it can be concluded that Robyn fails to pass domicile test because her permanent place of abode is not in Australia. Therefore, her salary would be taxed in Australia for 2016/17. Conclusion It is apparent from the above that the only applicable test is domicile test. Further, the permanent place of abode of taxpayer Robyn is shifted from Australian and hence, during the tax year 2016/17 her permanent place of abode is located in India. Therefore, it is fair to conclude that taxpayer is not an Australian tax resident. Also, she would be categorized as foreign tax resident and thus, the domestic income would be liable for taxation. Therefore, under section 6-5(3), ITAA 1997 her salary from Victoria University would be taxed in Australia for the tax year 2016/17. 2.Issue The central issue is to identify the amounts that would be included as assessable income for Paul for the taxation year 2016/2017 i.e. year ending on June 30, 2017. Law One of the components of assessable income for a taxpayer in Australia is ordinary income as defined by s. 6(5), ITAA 1997. The section defines ordinary income as that derived from ordinary sources. However, the ordinary sources are not defined in the statute and hence the various case laws and ATO rulings are relied on interpreting the various sources that are covered under the ambit of ordinary income. One of the key sources of ordinary income is employment income. Also, the income derived from any business or profession is also included in the fold of ordinary income as apparent from tax ruling TR 98/1. Besides, income received in kind instead of cash would also be included in taxable income as per TR 1999/17. It is noteworthy that there are various general business expenses related deductions that the taxpayer may assess in order to compute the taxable income in accordance with s. 8(1) ITAA 1997. Another critical issue while determination of assessable income arising from business is to determine whether the same should be done on a cash basis (Receipts Basis) or accrual basis (Earnings Basis). In accordance with TR 98/1, the taxpayer ought to choose the method which most appropriately captures the income. For instance, if the money received for clients is non-refundable, then the cash basis is more suitable because irrespective of service provided in the future or not, the money would not be given back and hence it makes sense to book revenues. On the other hand, if the cash collected from customer can be broken into smaller payments for particular milestones and excess payment is refundable, then the earnings method makes more sense for computation of assessable income[11]. Also, with regards to determination of gift, TR 2005/13 is relevant as division 30; ITAA 1997 has been rather silent in this regard. Based on the various case laws, it highlights the four conditions which are needed for a payment to be recognized as gift. These are as follows[12]. There needs to be an ownership transfer in the favor of the transferee. The transfer should be carried out on a voluntary basis. The transferor must not have any reciprocal material expectations from the transferee in exchange for the gift extended. The transfer must arise on account of benefaction. If a given payment fulfills the above criterion, then it would be recognized as gift and no tax would be charged on the same and hence no contribution to assessable income would be made[13]. Application It is apparent from the given facts that Paul is in the business of providing golf classes and hence the income derived from providing these classes would be termed as ordinary income under s. 6(5). Further, with regards to the appropriate means to record assessable income for Paul, the more appropriate means would be accrual basis as it is apparent that for the 12 lessons even though all the money is paid upfront but the same is refundable if the client fails to attend some lessons on a proportionate basis. This implies that for the sum collected for the 12 lessons, there is likelihood that some portion would be refunded to the client in the event client fails to turn up for the lessons. Thus, it is prudent that assessable income from the 12 lessons revenues should only realize the portion for which classes have been provided till June 30, 2017. The revenue for the remaining would be recognized in 2017/2018 as and when the lessons are imparted to the clients. Also, it is noteworthy that payment of $10,000 from Doreen would be recorded as a gift and hence it will not contribute to assessable income. This is because Doreen has paid the amount on a voluntary basis and also because the transfership of ownership has been completed. Further, Doreen by giving the money had no material reciprocal expectations in return and was primarily given as a token of appreciation to her teacher Paul. Additionally, the payment of two students that went into paying for damage to Davids golf buggy would also be part of the assessable income as per TR 1999/17. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it is apparent that assessable income for Paul would consist of income from lessons on an accrual basis coupled with payment made by the students for making up for the damage caused to Davids golf buggy. References Websites ATO, INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997, https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?DocID=PAC/19970038/6-5 Australian Taxation Office: Taxation Rulings: TR 98/17-Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia (25 November 1998), https://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/rulings/ato/ATOTR/1998/tr1998-017/ Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 SECT 6.5. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html Books Sadiq, Kerrie, et. al., Principles of Taxation Law 2015, (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015) Deutsch, Robert, et. al., Australian tax handbook. (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015) Relevant Statutes Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936 Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 ATO, INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997, https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?DocID=PAC/19970038/6-5 Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 SECT 6.5 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html Australian Taxation Office, TR 98/17-Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia [ (25 November 1998), https://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/rulings/ato/ATOTR/1998/tr1998-017/ Sadiq, Kerrie, et. al., Principles of Taxation Law 2015, (Pymont,Thomson Reuters, 2015), p.3 Deutsch, Robert, et. al., Australian tax handbook. (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015), p.67-68 Ibid.3. Ibid.4. Levene v, I.R.C. (1928) A.C.2017 Applegate per Franki J 79 ATC at 4314; 9ATR at p. 907 Australian Taxation Office, Taxation Ruling No. IT 2650, (1991) https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Income-you-must-declare/ Ibid.3 [13] Ibid.4.

Michael Eisner Essay Example For Students

Michael Eisner Essay MICHAEL EISNER – â€Å"Common Sense Conflict†Michael Eisner is an American entertainment executive, whose leadership in the 1980s and 1990s revitalized the Walt Disney Company. Born in New York City, Eisner was educated at Denison University, where he studied literature and theater. After graduating in 1964, he worked for six weeks as a clerk at NBC and then briefly in the programming department at CBS. His career crystallized at ABC, which he joined as a programming assistant in 1966 and where he spent the next ten years, ultimately becoming senior vice president of prime-time production and development. Eisners rise through the corporate ranks was paralleled by ABCs leap from third place to first place in the network viewing ratings. In 1976 he was named president and CEO of Paramount Pictures. During his eight-year tenure the motion-picture studio moved from last place to first place among the six major studios. In 1984 Eisner left Paramount to become chairman and c hief executive of Walt Disney Productions (renamed the Walt Disney Company in 1986). Eisner admired Walt Disney and was especially interested in childrens programming and family entertainment. The companys success included several feature-length animated films in the Disney tradition. Michael Eisner was an optimistic person and he was well known for being a genius in creativity. He has made Disney a company that is built on a strong combination of institutionalized creativeness that constantly produces potent ideas, and also having common sense. One question that we must ask ourselves is how does Michael Eisner have such good leadership. Well as he describes in his interview, he says that being a leader requires 4 main parts: being an example, being there, being a nudge and finally being an idea generator. There are many things that I agree upon in Michael Eisner’s way of having leadership in a company. One thing that I strongly agree on is that he has situated his company in being an â€Å"idea generator†, which to me is so powerful in a company. When setting your company to be an â€Å"idea generator†, you must have a loose environment so people are not afraid to speak their thoughts and ideas. He strongly encourages this type of behavior within his company. From seeing this way of leadership also shows me that the culture at Walt Disney is fun oriented, exciting and loose. Having this type of culture in an organization to me is so much better and it makes people motivated to work and also helps them get through the rough times. When you have a strict culture with a million rules, I see that it affects the whole organization and it makes the internal employees not perform as well as they should. At Walt Disney world, they are entertaining people so their culture is set in being energized, fun and exciting. Having this type of culture also bring more people into the company and these talented individuals may have the next million-dollar i dea. One of Eisner’s ways of getting people to be idea-generators was by having systems called the â€Å"gong show† and â€Å"charettes†. These two systems were great ways to get people to speak their thoughts and generate ideas. They would meet once a week and people would say ideas and they would get reactions from other people at the meeting. Having these two systems was a good way for people in an organization to know one another and how they tend to operate. Also, it is one way for an organization to become big and successful. One of the things I don’t agree with in Eisner’s style of being an idea generator is how these meetings are driven with long hours, and sometimes being day after day. He would put everybody in the same room for ten to twelve hours or even for a couple of days. He feels the longer the better and the more excruciating the better. I can’t see basically torturing people in one room for hours at a time thinking that it is going to help generate ideas. I feel that these meeting should have been broken up differently. They should have had meetings three times a week instead of one big one every week. This way everything was spread out and people don’t get bored, angry, tired, hungry or eager to leave. If you have people eager to leave you’re meeting that shows that they are not into being an idea generator or they are not performing the way that they should. Eisner feels that having long meetings is a way to force ideas out and then they can be tweaked, changed, refined and hopefully improved. This is true, but this can be done through having shorter meetings and having them more frequent. Having people in a meeting being worn out and burnt out to me does not show good ideas are being generated. .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .postImageUrl , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:hover , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:visited , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:active { border:0!important; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:active , .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u534657a4a107b986f55ec90a11e06acf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Recycling Essay Leading by an example is so important in a organization because you become a role model to people and the more positive you are the more positive your organization will be in their performance and making things happen. I totally agree with Michael Eisner because when leading by an example you also show enthusiasm and loyalty to the institution. By showing this type of leadership, enhances demanding excellence in the organization. The essence of setting the example is to remember that wherever you are, whatever you are doing, imagine that a Scout in your group is taking a mental picture of you when you are least aware of it and that will be the one image that sticks in his or her mind. Every leader has a special responsibility to set a positive example. As a leader, those you work with constantly watch you and mimic you, this also has an effect on your companies success. Being there is so important as well because you always should be there for your employees. I agree with Eisner when he says you need to be in the same room with them, look them in the eyes and here their voices. This is a major part on your decision making as a leader. Especially in creative companies like Disney, you need to be able to read certain body language and look into people’s eyes to determine their ideas and how involved they are with their ideas. But companies like Disney, is large and it is frustrating to a leader that you can’t be there for everyone so that is why you need a team of leaders running the organization, which is what Michael Eisner has. He has leaders in every division of his company and they all gel together. What makes an organization great is the quality of that leadership that is spread out across the top and not just the very top. Eisner says that he focuses on the 40 people that he interacts with everyday. That is good because it shows t o those people that you truly care about them and they feel wanted. The other leaders in the organization focus on other groups of people. Disney’s management teams are always moving around the entire world but they stay focused on what is most important to them. Eisner says that he wishes that he could be there for every signal person in his organization whenever someone needed help. But unfortunately, that can’t happen but that just goes to show you how committed Michael Eisner is and also why he is so powerful as a leader. To me, being a nudge in an organization can be an ok thing, but at the same time it is very disturbing to employees. Eisner feels that being a nudge constantly reminds people of their ideas and what they need to do. That is true but the way he inputs it into the organization can be very frustrating to others. Eisner says that he does not keep many notes, which he should because that way you know at all times what needs to be done today and also what may need to be done in a week. Business Reports