A Modest Proposal: Cannibalism

I feel that Jonathan Swift’s piece of work could be used and interpreted different with each and all audiences alike. There is a whole bunch of information to interpret. How Swift, looks at children not as individuals, but as animals used to be sold to the rich as food. Swift’s work is very dark in this piece, with regard to selling of children for food. And with regards to Ireland’s economic advancements actually depend on it. He urges all other people to think that children could be sold in different styles and makes mention of how they could be prepared as a fine food dish. Swift’s states, â€Å"A young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragoust. † Now normally if I can’t pronounce it I don’t use it or order it to eat, but these last two ways of preparing the children as food sounds as if a dish the rich would order. To me it sounds like Swift has rather expensive taste for lavish habits and tendencies. I think we can almost compare life in Ireland back then to today. All though there aren’t people selling their children to have the rich feast on their bones, or do I think it will come to that but it is close to our nation’s economic struggle. Our economy wouldn’t allow the selling of children of children to feed the rich. I do believe Ireland was in a lot worse shape than we currently are. They had no renewable resources such as fruits and vegetables to fall back on the way we do. They also didn’t have the amount of import and export trade that we have on our side. Swift constantly throughout his story states that selling the children to the rich is the only solution to the countries hard economic times. He even talks that all the families should consider fattening up the smaller children. Also Swift also makes mention of overpopulation and well makes a suggested solution to this crisis. He proclaims that children at the age of one can be sold to meat markets, thus helping the crisis of over population and in turn saving the parents of the children the cost of raising and providing for that child. Parents, who participated in this crazy idea, would pull the nation out of its current economic struggle. And that’s not all he then talks about how parents who helped out with his proposal how it would affect home life. Husbands would grow to respect wives better. What? I don’t know at all how this could possibly be something that could have a positive impact on a family what so ever. I think that Swift tries to persuade his readers that this is the only option for Ireland and its survival, in a dog eat dog world. He then starts stating statistics, he mentions of 120,000 some Irish children born in a year, that 20,000 should be kept for breeding and the continuance of the Irish legacy. And what’s even better is that a quarter of these choosing few, are to be males, are you serious 5,000 boys and the rest girls. This brings a question to my mind, what was the deciding factor that kept the child to be raised or sold. What tops the cake once more is that he says one boy for a total of four girls. I believe this contradicts his husband respecting the whole wife thing early in the paper. Swift goes on later to explain the idea of cannibalism should not stop at children, but instead its countries enemies, or even political figures. The idea of a nation such as Ireland cannibalizing its own population and natural resources sickens me. I would bat an eye at the thought of eating my son, or selling him off to the butcher to be slaughtered and sold. Swift goes on in this story to talk of common practices and courtesies. He talks that if Irish poor are to be married, and have a family, the family should refrain from domestic violence in and throughout the family, and love and cherish family. I serious think that this guy had dual personalities, he so many different stories to each situation. Possibly he was bi-polar or maybe he used some opium or something of that nature. I don’t think Swift had financial problems what so ever. Swift goes on in his work and states that he admits that this will drastically reduce the Irish population, but other nations should not practice this idea in their cultures. He considers it a â€Å"healthy patriotism†, and goes on to say that the children that are to be butchered should stay domestically and not be exported. This would keep other nations from wanting to overtake the Irish population and decimate the whole society and Irish culture. In Jonathan Swift’s work you can tell he is rather upset with Ireland’s politicians and the wealthy. You can also see that he is upset at the general population of the poor. He is angry at the poor population because they have made no plans or have no intentions to get out of the downward spiral their country is in. I wonder if he wrote this piece as a way of making the general population consider in participating in cannibalization, as an act to blow the whistle in a sense to make the politicians act on the current situation at hand in their times.

Pepita the Life in the Novel

In every novel, there is one character that seems to appeal to almost every reader. That one character seems to be the one who although they perished, they should have made it to the end of the novel. They are the lights in a dark novel, and the energy in a boring one. In the Bridge of San Luis Rey, we meet many characters, all of whom have their own value and place in the story line. Yet the one character that did not deserve the same fate as the others was Pepita. Pepita was an orphan girl who was seen in the eyes of the Abbess as having leadership skills. Such a skill would be necessary for her successor. She needed someone who was able to perform all the task that she must now perform, when she could no longer perform them. As a result Pepita was subjected to a kind of molding process. In this process she was assigned to worst task in the orphanage, which taught her administration. She also became a kind of companion for the Abbess, accompaning her on her trips, on which she was educated in the management of women, wards, and how to beg for money. Yet the strangest part of her education was the Abbess's decision to send her to live with the Marquesa. The Marquesa was a crazy woman who made Pepita's life even worse then it already was. As her companion Pepita was ignored constantly and lived a life of solitude. Pepita is that life in the novel, she is the only good love that exist in a world of those who either love too much or those who love too little. The Marquesa drove her daughter away, because she loved too much. Although she was able to realize this before she died, it was too late. She was not able to show this newfound love to anyone. In the case of Esteban, he was not able to love anyone else except for Manuel. While Manuel was able to love another, this caused strife between them. When Manuel died he was not able to move on, simply because he only had love for Manuel. Then we have Uncle Pio, another character who loved too much. Uncle Pio had a mindset of his three aims that he simply has to fulfill no matter what happens. This causes him to have a constant longing for the Perichole who satisfies his goals in one shot. He loved her so much, that he wanted to live his life through hers. He did this by becoming a sort of parasite on the Perichole. When he could not longer live off of her because she could not take it anymore, he tried to do it to her son. The Perichole's son Jaime like Pepita had the true love, but would not be chosen by me, because he was a frail boy who was always sick and had not seen the hardships of life that Pepita had seen. Although he had been through a hard life, it was still not comparable to what Pepita had to go through. Jaime was also very sickly, which probably made him more humble and loved the world around him more. Most people, who have to go through what Pepita went through, end up hating the world and having no more love in their hearts. Yet Pepita was able to still have love in her heart. She was able to even change the heart of the Marquesa, who loved her daughter so much that she drove her away. Her courage is also worth admiring, she did not want to mail the letter to the Abbess, simply because she felt it was not courageous enough. Pepita has a sort of innocence that can only be found in children. All of the other characters have lost their innocence. Pepita also the most potential for becoming the type of person who will want to help others when she gets older. All of the training that the Abbess has given her has not completely failed. She has learned things that will enable her to grow up to become the type of person who others will look up too as a leader and a sort of mother figure. Out of all those that died on the bridge, I would have to say that, Pepita is the most probable one that I would save.

Law Of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law Of Privacy - Essay Example This evaluation fundamentally misses the conceptual approach to tort law advanced by Warren and Brandeis in finding a right to privacy and elaborating some aspects ÃŽ ¿f that right. They did not identify a new tort, but rather a new right that ought to be protected by tort law. That new right in turn was derived from an old right, perhaps a natural right, namely the right to be let alone. In light ÃŽ ¿f these origins, it would have been surprising if the tort protection given to privacy remained confined within the narrow bounds ÃŽ ¿f public disclosure. The very theory ÃŽ ¿f torts upon which privacy was based implied its fluidity. I have sought in the preceding sections to show how Warren and Brandeis viewed tort law as the law defining and protecting rights, and how this view was at odds with other conceptions ÃŽ ¿f tort law that emerged at the end ÃŽ ¿f the nineteenth century and eventually prevailed. Holmess defendant-based instrumentalist vision provided the conceptual foundation ÃŽ ¿f tort law well into the twentieth century. Strict liability largely gave way to negligence, even in such bastions ÃŽ ¿f rights-based thinking as property. The common law, and most particularly the law ÃŽ ¿f torts, became the domain ÃŽ ¿f reasonableness rather than rights. Intentional torts, once the focus ÃŽ ¿f torts, receded to near irrelevance. Indeed, despite occasional manifestations ÃŽ ¿f life, intentional torts have remained in a formal structure much like the writ system from which they are descended. This in essence has been the fate ÃŽ ¿f privacy. Promulgated as part ÃŽ ¿f a jurisprudence ÃŽ ¿f rights, with strong natural law overtones, the privacy tort had no intellectual place in modern tort law. Rights now belong to the language ÃŽ ¿f public law discourse rather than private law discourse. Prossers 1960 article stands as the modern source ÃŽ ¿f the privacy tort. Prossers analysis is a return to the essentials ÃŽ ¿f the writ system that continue to

HNBS 105 Aspects of Contract and Negligence Essay

HNBS 105 Aspects of Contract and Negligence - Essay Example There must be some hard and fast regulations that indulge the legal bindings while the contracts are executed. If any of the above stated essential features is missing in a contract, the contract will not be accepted by the legal authorities. Such a contract will not be sued in the court against the guilty party (Deno, 1982). The essentials are drawn only to provide a legal back up to the contracts such that no party can harm the interests of the other one. The courts play an arbitrary role in this stance hence it is constrained to execute the entire document of essential features of the contract (Shenson, 1990). Legal Contract: It is a simple contract which is executed to fulfill any legal requirement which is most commonly in practice (Clement, 1903). All the contracts like partnership, buying selling and the remaining minor categories which can draw any contract and ultimately it may lead to legal binding in case of being guilty at any end. Social Contract: Most common example of the social contract is marriage where two individuals are bound under the back of legal authorities. It is basically a stance which remains between two or more individuals. This kind of contracts may be legal or not. Sometimes it confuses with the promises as well. Quasi Contract: it is an ethical jurisprudence under the head of contract. For example, if you find a bag full of currency at some public place then it is your ultimate duty to make it reach to its real owner. However it is also a questionable scenario (Shenson, 1990). Many schools of thought do not consider the second, third and fourth type as a full contract. Rather they take those as partial contracts (Deno, 1982). These contracts are also known as implied contracts which are understood while in concrete legal contracts, all the clauses are set by the parties. For example, in marriage, the clauses are preset as the general

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military Research Paper

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military - Research Paper Example The constitution of the United States does not offer just anyone an absolute right to serve in the countries military services. Joining the military in United States is considered a privilege and demands particular conditions to be met by the prospect candidate. Anyone who meets the required conditions and sings up as a member of the military in the active duty is serves on full-time basis. All members whether men or women report on their duties if they qualify to specific age and physical conditions. The lower entry to military service is under seventeen while the upper entry is thirty five years. However entry may depend on conditions of a particular category. They issue of gays and lesbians serving in the military should not be a problem of contention and so they should be allowed as suggested by Stewart (53). Since they are qualified individuals just like any others in the military there is no reason as to why they should not be allowed in the military. The issue about gays and l esbians in the military of US has been highly debated upon in politics. This started after the court declared the Don’t ask, Don’t tell policy of the military. ... The liberals have no problem with gays and lesbians serving the military but the conservatives want to ban the issue. Before President Clinton came into power, the department of Finance had its own policy which did not allow gays and lesbians to serve in the military. Once one was investigated and found quilt of this, he/she was discharged from the military. Clinton had promised in his campaigns to overthrow the policy but it was not possible and law was enacted which forbid homosexuality forever. However despite the enactment, homosexuality is still going on in the military. This can be attributed to the fact that some of the low-ranked persons in the army, live with their roommates in the barrack. Therefore, because it has become impossible to totally eliminate homosexuality in the military, it can thus be allowed. Since individuals are not born gays or lesbians, it does not matter in the service delivery. As suggested by Newton (53), this is because lesbianism or gay practice is n ot a weakness but more of lifestyle. Serving in the military means that one is dedicated to serve his/her country and is also willing to die for it. Therefore it is important to respect the private life of individuals if it has no negative impact in their service delivery. For instance, if those individuals outside the military are not investigated in their life then there is no reason as to why military individuals should be investigated. If homosexuality does not change the life of individuals then there is no way it can change their service delivery. For instance in some countries like the NATO countries gays have been openly allowed to work in the military even as leaders and there is no single effect since it was allowed. However people may argue that

Letter of introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of introduction - Essay Example One of my lifetime goals is to start my own marketing firm. Marketing is my favorite branch of business administration. I like marketing because this field of study is responsible for ensuring companies achieve their desired sales targets. The marketing efforts of an organization help your product or service get recognized in the open market. I believe that starting a marketing business is a good idea because every business enterprise needs marketing in order to achieve their goals. Performing marketing consulting services is a business model that can generate a lot of money. Another of the reasons why I want to start a business is to help out the U.S. economy. Entrepreneurs help the economy by creating jobs and paying taxes to the local and federal government. I consider myself a very giving and honest person. During my young life I have always done everything I can to help out others. I believe a lot in the value of volunteer work. In the past I have volunteered my time at a homele ss shelter in my community. This experience helped grow as a human being. Volunteer work is extremely important because there a lot of people in need in the United States. It is estimated that nearly 37 million Americans are living under the federal poverty line.

Getting Prepared to Build Your Personal Brand and Make a Strong First Statement

Getting Prepared to Build Your Brand and Make a Strong First Impression - Personal Statement Example Being that I previously worked in a logistics firm the responsibility that I carried in my daily job was enormous. I had to maintain proper accounting records in terms of bookkeeping, accounts payables, accounts receivable and accurately making regular journal entries. The job also involved preparing invoices, attaching the correct PODs to the invoices and making database system entries all by myself. Previously before joining Y Logistics, I worked as a customer service attendant then got a promotion to a leadership role with more responsibility where I helped as a medical administrative assistant. Therefore, responsible workers and leaders help to steer any organization or company ahead in terms of success and reputation. I am detail-oriented, an aspect that is indispensable to all successful and aspiring persons in the business world. Detail-oriented persons view problems in a deep light which helps them understand not only the possible effects of the problem at hand, but also the causes. Perfection of details is a quality that is deeply ingrained in me and as such I make a perfect marketer. The experience at Y Logistics Incorporation has also helped me perfect my ingrained nature of being detail-oriented. I had to write very accurate details about every debtor and creditor of Y Logistics Incorporation. In a logistics organizations, simple mistakes can be viewed as accounting malpractices. Such details involve the amount to be received or paid out by the company therefore I always had to go through them at least twice after their initial recording to ensure accuracy. During my tenure as an employee of Y Logistics Incorporation I learnt to fully focus and devote both my time and heart to every single task I was assigned. My attention to detail has helped me perform audit trails that have not only helped my past employers, but helped improve my experience in the field. My devotion and attention to detail will be

Positive and negative externalities Research Paper - 1

Positive and negative externalities - Research Paper Example It will also highlight solutions to mitigate these externalities. It will finally analyze the different stakeholders involved in the externalities and their role regarding the externality There are negative externalities related to environmental consequences. An example of a negative externality with environmental consequences is pollution. There are different forms of pollution; air, water and noise. Air pollution has public health implications, and causes damage to buildings and crops. Water pollution has the potential to cause harm to humans, plants and animals. Noise pollution on the other hand might cause disruptions, both mentally and psychologically, to people and animals. Public goods are an example of a positive externality. These are goods whose benefits people cannot be excluded from enjoying. Public goods include clean water, public defense, law enforcement, social amenities and so on. These goods are accessible to most people in the society (Tulkens & Chander, 2006). If businesses start accepting payments online for the services and goods they offer, these actions can lead to a negative externality. This means that clients no longer need to buy paper cheques in order to pay, a situation which means that cheque printing firms will lose revenues. This can also result into unemployment especially for employees charge with the role of processing cheques. In the course of the operation of a company, there are byproducts created. These by products make their way into the environment and cause pollution. Air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels in industries. Water pollution occurs when industrial wastes are deposited into water sources. Noise pollution occurs in situations where the production process emits destructive sounds that get into the atmosphere. Public goods exist for the satisfaction of the needs of the entire society. These goods exist so that everyone in the society can benefit from them. If such goods did not

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example are opened by the user, and sometimes information they have placed, like that their interests, hobbies and their personal details (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009), (I-Net, 2011) and (Prashant, 2009). Moreover, the major function of cookies is to recognize users and most probably organize customized web-pages for internet users. In this scenario, when we visit a web site using the information stored in cookies then we can be requested to complete a form offering data and information such as our name, likes/dislikes and hobbies. Afterward this information and data is wrapped into a cookie and transmitted to our web browser that stores it for afterward utilization (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Webopedia, 2011). There are lots of advantages of cookies for instance cookies do not require server resources as they are placed on the client system. Cookies are simple to apply. We are able to organize cookies to finish when the browser session stops. Some of the main disadvantages of cookies are that they can be erased by a user during their execution. Users browser are able to reject some sort of cookies, consequently our system has to predict that likelihood. Additionally, the cookies survive as a simple text on the client system as well as they can pretense a probable security risk since someone is able to interpret and change the information stored in cookies (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Neeks, 2009). Neeks. (2009, March 21). What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cookies? Retrieved May 29, 2011, from http://www.dotnetfunda.com/interview/exam416-what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cookies-.aspx Prashant, V. (2009, June 20). What is Cookie? What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cookies ? Retrieved May 28, 2011, from

Strategic Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Strategic Decision Making - Assignment Example The future prospective of the company has been assessed in this paper based on the current position of the company and structure of the industry. It highlights the prospective directions that the company can move based on its current infrastructure and the future scenario of the market. The strategic analysis of a firm regarding its future position is depends on several factors. The future analysis can only be done, when the researcher has all the information about the present, which includes industrial data, level of competitiveness in the industry, market demand, environmental influences which includes political, social, economic, technological and legal factors, etc. The existing organizational mission along with the current environmental factors is also responsible in determining the future of a company (Best, Market-based management). Moreover, the internal environment, including the strength and weakness of a company along with the position of the stakeholders also needs to be considered to analyze the future position of the company. This paper is based on the assessment of the current and future position of Securetech. The company is situated in Abu Dhabi and it offers products and services related to ICT (Information and Communication Technology) domain and to physical and cyber security. The company has been operating for more than 14 years and its business partners include Dell, Microsoft, Bosch, VM ware, Sony and several other well established firms (Securetech. "CEO Message†). This paper includes the analysis of current market and financial position of Securetech, which includes its existing strategies, structural and operational plans and the detailed assessment of the competitive forces in the industry in which it operates. The data gathered from these analyses has been used to make forecasts about the company’s future

Identity of African American Men Essay Example for Free

Identity of African American Men Essay â€Å"No metaphor can capture completely the complexity of ethnic dynamics in the U. S. ‘Melting pot’ ignores the persistence and reconfiguration of the ethnicity over the generations. ‘Mosaic,’ much more apt for pluralistic societies such as Kenya or India, is too static a metaphor; it fails to take in to account the easy penetration of many ethnic boundaries. Nor is ‘salad bowl’ appropriate; the ingredients of a salad bowl are mixed but do not change. ‘Rainbow’ is a tantalizing metaphor, but rainbows disappear. ‘Symphony,’ like ‘rainbow,’ implies near perfect harmony; both fail to take into account the variety and range of ethnic conflict in the United States. The most accurately descriptive metaphor, the one that best explains the dynamics of ethnicity, is ‘kaleidoscope. ’ American ethnicity is kaleidoscopic, i. e. ‘complex and varied, changing form, pattern, color†¦ continually shifting from one set of relations to another; rapidly changing. ’ When a kaleidoscope is in motion, the parts give the appearance of relationships. The viewer sees and endless variety of variegated patterns, just as takes place on the American ethnic landscape. †- Lawrence Fuchs (Literature for Composition 1032) â€Å"Identity in America† was the theme chosen by my English 201 study group. This theme was taken from chapter twenty two of the Literature for composition: Reading and Writing Argument text book. However, I focused the broad theme of â€Å"Identity in America† to the more narrowed theme of â€Å"The Display of African American men in the media. † I chose this theme or topic because I felt that I can relate to it and as a matter of fact, it was also interesting to me. But in order to conduct my research on the particular topic, I came up with the following question, â€Å"How has the identity of African American men been displayed by the media: negatively or positively? † This question was chosen in order to provoke an argument for discussion. I conducted several interviews in order to acquire information about my selected topic. The media’s display of the identity of African American men can be discussed or looked at from two angles: negatively or positively. First, from my experience I can say that the media displays African American men in both lights, negatively and positively. But after conducting interviews with several individuals, my opinion has somewhat changed. I was always aware of the negative images of African/black men in the media. But I was not aware that this display had evolved overtime. My first interview was conducted with April T. Glasgow, a communications major at the University of the Virgin Islands on Wednesday 20th February 2008, at approximately ten o’clock in the morning. We conducted the interview at her dorm’s lobby. I had explained the topic prior to meeting with her, so she already had an idea about what issue the discussion would be addressing. Generally, her opinion was that black men were being exploited and portrayed negatively by the media. She also stated strongly that black men were too often portrayed or given the roles of thugs, gangsters, and pimps in films and magazines. In addition, a suggestion she made on how we could resolve this stereotype was that black people must unite and stand up against these negative portrayals especially those in rap music videos. The second interview was carried out that same day with Professor Alex Randall. His general statements were that the media has changed over the years. â€Å"The negative portrayals of the 1960’s and 1970’s have changed,† Randall stated. Randall felt that in modern times, people of color were treated more fairly and given a more positive portrayal in the media. Randall stated that there were many positive images in the media of African Americans, such as Denzel Washington, Barack Obama, Michael Jordan, and Bill Cosby. In addition, Randall said that in previous years no such image could have been seen in the media. â€Å"We are rational human beings and it’s our choice to choose what part of the spectrum of negative and positive images we would want to emulate,† said Randall. This statement impacted me and slightly changed my opinion on the topic. At that point in conducting my primary research for the paper, my position on the topic has somewhat been altered. After conducting the interviews with April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall I have become more open minded to the issue. I would admit that I was initially a bit biased and reserved on the topic prior to evaluating the topic from both sides; negatively and positively. In order to decide which position I was going to take I would have to do more secondary research on the topic. Since I started this research paper my observation and assessment of the media have taken a different turn. I now compare and contrast men of other races in the media to African American men. My secondary research was, for the most part, completed using internet sources. The articles that I discovered on the web were very useful and contributed greatly to my research. Three internet articles were analyzed to achieve the secondary data for my paper. The first article I examined was â€Å"The Media’s Bias against black men in America. † The article was basically a discussion of a piece written in the New York Times about the plight of American black men. The author, Armstrong Williams, stated that the New York Times article was another example of major media outlets using negative statistics to consistently cast black men as the scourge of this country. Williams made several strong and interesting statements throughout the article that I thought was beneficial to this research paper. For example, according to Williams, â€Å"The continual coverage of the black mans plight instead of his progress only hinders his growth, holds back our country from true equality, and hides the truth about the opportunities and challenges that we all face†(Williams  ¶4). Williams also suggested that the American public should challenge the lack of coverage of American black progress in this country (Williams  ¶5). â€Å"In the last century black men have literally gone from being slaves to business owners, government leaders, lawyers, doctors, firemen, generals, entertainers, and educators. No other oppressed class of people anywhere else in the world has advanced its standing in a society this quickly† (Williams  ¶6). I was really impressed by the way Armstrong used this statement to present his argument. In addition, Williams stated that the incidence of drug use, crime, scandal, divorce, and other social ills have increased dramatically for white men, but these statistics are not reported as problems about ‘white men in America (Williams  ¶6). â€Å"Approximately 9 out of 10 serial killers are white males between the ages of twenty and thirty five. Yet we never hear these statistics repeated over and over again in the mainstream press, making these crimes synonymous with one particular race as in this case with blacks† (Williams  ¶9). Later in the article Williams explained the image the media is creating internationally. The overseas media continuously places black men in negative positions such as school dropouts, irresponsible fathers, and victims of perpetual racism. The manner in which these stories are constructed and then, displayed to listeners and readers eliminates the possibility of believing that black men do not have positive roles (Williams  ¶10). Therefore, I agree with Williams that the repetitive negative articles can create a vicious cycle of harmful images and low expectations of black men. â€Å"The Black Image in the White Mind† is the title of the second internet article that I examined. The article was useful in constructing my opinion on the topic of how African American men are displayed in the media whether negatively or positively. The article presented some useful statistical data that was quite interesting and yet shocking to me. In this article by Robert M. Entman, he stated that a mug shot of a Black defendant is four times more likely to appear in a local television news report than of a White defendant (Entman  ¶2). He went on to say that the accused is two times more likely to be shown physically restrained in a local television news report than when the accused is a white man (Entman  ¶2). According to Entman, â€Å"The name of the accused is two times more likely to be shown on screen in a local TV news report if the defendant is black, rather than white† (Entman  ¶2). In addition, he stated that while black actors are now more visible in media, it is an open question as to how well they are being represented (Entman  ¶2). The Third article that I examined was â€Å"Black youth and mass media: current research and emerging questions† and I found it to be the most interesting of the three. This article was written by Craig Watkins, an Associate Professor of Sociology and Radio-Television- Film at the University of Texas at Austin. The article was basically an outline of some of the important research findings and emergent issues that examine the changing relationship between black American youth and the mass media industry (Watkins  ¶5). Watkins stated that for most of its history the mass media industry has produced images that distort and misrepresent the complexities of the African American experience (Watkins  ¶9). He stated that contemporary media representations of African Americans can be best described as paradoxical because blacks are simultaneously underrepresented and overrepresented in American media culture (Watkins  ¶9). According to Watkins, â€Å"blacks are underrepresented in many areas of mass media they are over represented in television sports broadcasts and crime and violence related portrayals† (Watkins  ¶13). Watkins said that images of blacks in magazines have increased but they are predominantly portrayed in athletic roles. According to Watkins, African American men are more likely to appear as athletes or musicians (Watkins  ¶14). The strongest statement throughout the article was when Watkins stated that the ‘athleticization’ of the black men in the media reproduces and popularizes long-standing myths about biological and intellectual differences between blacks and whites (Watkins  ¶15). Further analysis of Watkins’ article indicated that when African Americans are portrayed in television news it is generally in aggressive, violent, or criminal roles. Also, a recent analysis of the film industry asserts that blacks tend to be restricted to low budget features that focus disproportionately on crime, violence, and youth delinquency. The repetitious display of blacks in athletic roles creates a limited range of adult and professional role models for young black males being that they are faced with only few media images of successful African American men. The internet articles that I examined clearly showed that there is strong evidence to prove that African American men are negatively and unfairly displayed in the media. After examining these internet articles, I felt that even though they were some positive images of African American men in the media the majority of images are in some way biased or negative. After evaluating and examining my internet sources, I turned back my attention to my English 201 text book, Literature for Composition: Reading and Writing Arguments to get some more insight on the matter. While reading through chapter twenty-three, I came up on a quote from Lawrence Fuchs that I found to be tied in well with my overall all theme of identity in America. I decided to place this quote at the beginning of the research paper a sort of introduction to the overall theme. I chose this quote because it describes the complexity and internal conflicts of identity in America. Speaking of conflicts between identities, Hotel Rwanda is a film that displays such conflict to the extreme. This film was shown in class by my English professor because she said that it was in some way related to our theme and that it could also be used as a part of our secondary research. I did not really understand the connection with our theme until I saw the film. Hotel Rwanda is a historical drama about the hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina played by Don Cheadle during the Rwandan genocide and was directed by Terry George in 2004. The movie is actually based on the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994 where almost one million of both Tutsi and Hutu individuals were killed. In the movie which is a reflection of what actually took place, the media was used to instigate conflicts between the Tutsi and Hutu. Throughout the actual conflict the media was used as a tool to falsely display Tutsi’s as the scourge of Rwanda. For example, the radio station, RTLM was used to spread negative and hate messages about the Tutsis such as â€Å"Why do we hate the Tutsis? They are cockroaches†¦Rwanda is Hutu land. †(United Arts. Dir. Terry George. United States, 2004) All in all, it is quite evident from the primary and secondary research that there are both negative and positive displays of African American men in the media. Since the interviews I am more aware that the display of African Americans has changed over time for the better. However, from the Internet articles I have discovered that there are still a lot of negative images of African American men in the media. In addition, I learned that there are still many biases when presenting African American men in media whether on radio, television, or magazines. Overall, the research was very interesting and informative. April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall were very helpful in making my research paper a success. From carrying out this research paper I was able to conduct some interesting interviews, especially with Professor Randall. I was truly able to critically interpret and analyze the investigation in addition to improving my overall research skills. The research process was a learning experience that I will never forget. Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, Burto William and Cain E. William. Literature for Composition. New York: Longman, 2007. Entman, Robert and Rojecki, Andrew. â€Å"Media and its Portrayal of Black Americans. † racerelations. about. com. New York. 2008. . Glasgow, April T. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Hotel Rwanda. Dir. Terry George. Lions Gate Films and United Artists, 2004. Randall, Alexander. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Watkins, S. Craig, â€Å"Black Youth and Mass Media: Current Research and Emerging Questions. † http://www. rcgd. isr. umich. edu/prba/perspectives/winter2000/cwatkins. pdf. Williams, Armstrong. â€Å"The Media’s Bias Against Black Men in America. † 31 March 2006. .

Police Light Circuit Design

Police Light Circuit Design Introduction Police light have been around for years, since then they have developed drastically, with technology moving forward so have aspects of police light and how they are made, developed and manufactured nowadays. In the 1940s authorities used single beacon lights, which was placed on top of their cars. Early 1990s the single beacon lights became less common as light bars where introduced, they became popular and replaced the single beacon light. Police lights are a significant aspect of many emergency vehicles, as its one of their most recognisable features, which informs the public that indeed the given vehicles is an emergency vehicle. This system is controlled by in system controls within the vehicle itself, which allow the user to have full control of the lights system, determine how and when the lights come on or go off, and even how the police light behave in terms of how they flash. This system is used in the case of an emergency, the user will turn it on whenever there is an emergency, as a result the public will be aware that that given vehicle is an emergency vehicle, this allows the public to respond with necessary action, in that given situation. Principle behind the circuit Circuit diagram Required components Hardware NE555 Bipolar Timer 4017 Decade Counter 1N4148 Diode 1.2K Resistor 10K Resistor 470 Resistor 4.7uF Electrolytic Capacitor (50V) BC547 NPN Transistor LED 10K POT Switch Software Proteus 8 professional Windows 10 Components used Resistor When trying to resist the flow of alternating or direct electric circuit a resistor can be used in order to perform that action, this piece of component is placed in the electric circuit, depending on the circuit and how it functions the location of where the resisters are placed will vary. In electronic circuits a resistor is typically used to either limit or divide the current, protect an electric circuit or reduce voltage. When the charged particles(electrons) move from one region to another it is known as electric current. the shape of a resistor is cylindrical. There are many different types of resistors that have different values, when using resistors, you can identify the value of the resistor by looking at colour coding, resistors have something known as a colour band, a resistor can have 3,4 or 5 colour bands, depending on the resistor value. When the temperature is constant the current density is directly proportional to the electric field, which obeys ohms law. Capacitor A component such as a capacitor can be used when needing to store an electric charge. When electrical energy is added to the capacitor it is known as charging, however when energy is release from the capacitor it is known as discharging. A capacitor has two metal plates, which are separated by a non-touching layer which is called a dielectric. Electricity from a direct current or an electrostatic source charges one of the plates. When power is supplied through a circuit electrical charge will gradually build up in the plates. While one plate gains a positive charge, the will gain a negative charge. When you integrated a capacitor within a circuit that might contain a lamp or motor, the charge of the capacitor flow through the lamp or motor, until there is no charge remaining gin the plates. The capacitance of a capacitor is the amount of electrical energy the capacitor can store, the bigger the capacitance the more electrical energy it can store. There are a wide range of capacitors available on the market, such as Air, Mica and Paper, depending on the intended purpose, different capacitors are used. Transistor A component such as a transistor is a device which is used to transforms current flow from a low resistance to al high resistance path. A transistor is a solid-state device which contains a piece semi conducting material, which can usually be silicon or germanium. When negatively charged, electrons are present we call a transistor an n-type transistor, because it contains donor impurity atoms. However, when positively charged electrons are present we call a transistor an p-type transistor, because it contains acceptor impurity atoms. Flow chart Advantages User control Ease of use No mercury in LED Cheap Light up quckly Disadvantages Colour shift Constant flow of voltage and current Applications future enchancments Light patterns changing how thy flash

Role of Firms in Science and Technology | Essay

Role of Firms in Science and Technology | Essay What roles do firms play in the generation and diffusion of new scientific and technological knowledge? Illustrate your answer by reference to one or more example. Introduction: The differences in the types of organisations, their structures, their goals and perspectives, and the way they recognise and face challenges can breed a lot of opportunities and avenues for producing and distributing new information to the world. Technology and science has made wonders for almost everyone living in this planet. It has changed the way we live. It has also introduced new sets of problems and issues which must be strategically addressed. Firms are already in the forefront of responding to changes and challenges in their environment. They respond to these challenges through strategies that make use of support systems like technology and scientific research. Today’s business and social transactions are being supported more and more by technological and scientific innovations and strategies. Knowledge of advanced technologies in the different sciences and frontiers has largely advanced most careers and business prospects. According to Dorf (2001, p. 39), [1] the purpose of a business firm is to create value for all of its stakeholders. As the firm tries to create new wealth for its shareholders, valuable products and services for its customers, it is already in the process of generating and distributing new sets of information. This includes the generation of new scientific and technological knowledge which would eventually be adopted by the society and other businesses as well. A firm then leads its market through effective technical and scientific innovation, sound business management of resources, and a solid technological strategy for the success of its business. Improved technology and increased scientific knowledge will help increase food production, efficient management of resources, allow faster access to relevant and mission critical information, and enhanced business competitiveness. Technology has the most potential to deliver business sustainability and viability through the many opportunities for research and innovation. While it cannot be denied that firms of today have a very definite and pivotal role to play in the generation of scientific and technological knowledge, much of their contribution center on how they formulate strategies to introduce new knowledge into their business functions. Technology has been known to support a lot of business and decision making processes. Technology strategy should be considered a vital part of any strategic planning. Incorporating high-end technology without careful considerations of other organisational issues is a sure formula for failure. The growth of technology presented managers with a complex variety of alternatives. Many executives and managers are using the advent of technology as an opportunity to reconsider their business operations (Irving and Higgins, 1991).[2] Many still feel that technology and any available scientific knowledge can solve a lot of organisational problems. Unfortunately, other executives see technology as a panacea for various organisational ills. Sometimes, the introduction of technology may increase organisational and societal problems. Firms have a definite role when it comes to the way technology and scientific knowledge is generated and distributed. With their technological and scientific knowledge at hand, they can be technology enhancers, identifiers of new markets, sources of customer exploration, and a gateway for information interchange. However, powerful technologies and scientific knowledge can have the potential for great harm or great good to mankind (O’Brien, 2001).[3] Competition in the business environment has led to a lot of advanced technological and scientific research and development. Investment in a lot of monetary and manpower resources has increased the need for firms to compete with each other in the introduction of new technologies which may alter the political, economic, and social landscape. Gene Amdahl was interested in starting a new computer firm to compete with International Business Machines (Goodman and Lawless p. 66).[4] He understood quite clearly that he needed a new technological design, a service and support system, and a good library software. He chose to design his computer to be IBM-compatible. Regardless of the technological wonders he designed into his new computer, it would operate all the existing IBM software. This strategy has greatly enhanced his customers’ access to new IBM technologies as well as his own. While his company has tailored itself from another company’s technology, it was able to create and generate a new set of ideas which not only enhanced his company’s image but IBM’s as well. High technology firms who generate a lot of technological and scientific knowledge have been able to identify new markets in the fields of computers, biotechnology, genetic engineering, robotics, and other markets. These firms depend heavily on advanced scientific and engineering knowledge. Michael Dell, for example, started building personal computers in his University of Texas dorm room at age 19 (Ferrell and Hirt, 1996).[5] His innovative ideas and prototyping techniques have made Dell Computer one of the leading PC companies in the world with sales of $2.9 billion. Because of his company’s capacity to use technology to perform decision-making and focus on new customer demands and tastes, he was able to identify strategic markets for his PC Company all around the world in different contexts. When he shifted to new markets, other industry players followed. These industry players created another set of opportunities to explore other means. Through the early 1990s, Dell sold directly to the consumer through its toll-free telephone line (Schneider and Perry, 1990).[6] Eventually, it expanded its sales to the Internet and has logged a significant percentage of its overall sales from the Internet. This strategy has lowered overhead for the company. The web site is a significant part of Dell’s strategy for moving into the new millenium. Company officials predict that within the next few years, more than half of their sales will be from the web. Supporting such a booming online sales are a robust infrastructure of communication devices and networks, Dell servers, and electronic commerce software from Microsoft. Just as with the globalisation of markets, changes due to advances in technology is not new to business marketing. Yet, technology change is expected to create new ways of marketing that haven’t existed (Dwyer and Tanner, 1999).[7] Du Pont, for example has developed a Rapid Market Assessment technology that enables the company to determine if a market, usually a country or region previously not served) warrants development (Bob, 1996).[8] The result of the analysis is a customer-focused understanding of the foreign market, independent of the level of economic development of that country or region. Technology is changing the nature of business-customer interaction. If applied well, benefits increase to both parties. In the area of retail marketing for example, technology can be used to enhance interaction between retailers and customers. Point-of-sale scanning equipment is widely utilized by supermarkets, department stores, specialty stores, membership clubs, and others-hundreds of thousands of firms in all. Retailers can quickly complete customer transactions, amass sales data, reduce costs, and adjust inventory figures (Berman and Evans, 1998).[9] At some restaurants, when dinner is over, the waiter brings the check-and a sleek box that opens like the check presentation folder used by many restaurants revealing buttons and a miniscreen. The waiter brings it over and disappears discreetly. Following instructions on the screen, you verify the tab, select the payment type (credit card or ATM card), insert the card into a slot, and enter your personal identification number of PIN. You can then enter a tip-a specific amount or, if you want the device to figure the tip, a percentage. Completing the transaction triggers a blinking light. This summons the waiter who then removes the device and the receipt is printed on ano ther terminal (Berman and Evans, 1998).[10] In this manner, the restaurant, as a firm was able to innovate on new ways to make customers make further exploration and application of this new mechanism. This in turn introduced another set of mechanisms for making billing charges to customers in another business setting (like electricity and water bills). With this illustration, innovation on a new technology can be of great help to different industry players. With signature capture, shoppers sign their names right on a computer screen. At Sears, the cardholder uses a special pen to sign a paper receipt-which becomes the cardholder copy-on top of a pressure-sensitive pad that captures the signature, stores it, and displays it on the checkout terminal screen so a clerk can compare it with the one on the back of the credit card. Sears has a brochure explaining the procedure is entirely voluntary and electronic signatures are not stored separately and can be printed only along with the entire sales receipt. Again, innovation centered on how customers can be better served has generated a whole new set of ideas for other firms to research on. Gateway for Information Interchange The web or the Internet has generated a lot of research interests nowadays. People rely on the web for retrieving and sending information. It’s being used for almost all sorts of business and personal transactions like in the area of learning and commerce. Stanford University Library’s HighWire Press began in early 1995with the online production of the weekly Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC). By March 2001, it was producing 240 online journals giving access to 237,711 articles (Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 2001).[11] The journals focus on science, technology, medicine and other scientific fields. HighWire’s strategy of online publishing of scholarly journals is not simply to mount electronic images of printed pages; rather by adding links among authors, articles and citations, advanced searching techniques, high-resolution images and multimedia, and interactivity, the electronic versions provided added dimensions to the information being provided in printed jour nals. The dimensions allowed readers boundless opportunities to follow up what they have initially started. The role of firms here has been magnified quite a bit. Technical and scientific information can be distributed at the least possible time possible and in as many people as possible. In another setting, consider the tremendous savings now those millions of Internet users are able to work from home – or at least, dial into the office more than drive there. Many offices are using the Internet to save office space, materials, and transportation costs. Using email and other electronic documents also saves energy, by saving paper. People who are online are able to explore most of the advantage technology and science has to offer them. It gives them the power to filter out what is and what is not useful. Newspapers are also going online. Arguably, of all the technologies, telecommunications, and the Internet, along with a renewable energy, has the most potential to deliver sustainability and the vision of integrated optical communication networks, is compelling enough for people to understand the underlying role that technology firms play in today’s technology-based society. Computer networks and the Internet have largely been the biggest technological br eakthroughs made throughout the century. And the possibilities are even growing bigger for firms to do more to leverage its use. Conclusion: Firms play a very important role in the generation of new information and their eventual diffusion into the overall structure of businesses and society as well. Firms are seen as responsible generators of new ideas which not only help them attain competitive advantage over their rivals but also are also unconsciously improving the lives of people from different places around the globe. Competing firms explore different technical and scientific innovations which match their business strategy especially in a globalised business setting. The rate at which firms do research and development has spawned the need for further collaboration and cooperation even among their competitors in order to protect their strategic advantage. The introduction of technological and scientific standards has helped guide the introduction of new knowledge to definite direction to take. Firms also serve as a window to a lot more opportunities for information exchange and interaction between customers and even their competitors. The Internet has been the biggest contributor to the generation, infusion, and distribution of knowledge. It has also provided a lot of opportunities for firms to invest their time and resources in order to facilitate easier access to their products and services. It has also created a new set of commerce and learning methods which allowed more and more people to get involved even if time and distances presented challenges. The driving force behind all of these innovations is change. Without it, firms will not be motivated to introduce new sets of ideas and distributed them. Knowledge is empowerment. Acquiring technical and scientific knowledge through the initiatives of different organizations not only increases further competition but also improves the different political, social, and economic dimensions of society. The generation and diffusion of scientific and technological knowledge will not be possible if firms are not aware of the changes that are constantly shaping their business landscape. Today’s challenges is not on how technological and scientific information can be generated and distributed. It is more on using this knowledge on the right place and at the right time. Bibliography Books Berman, B and Evans, J (1998), Retail Management: A Strategic Approach, Prentice  Hall, New Jersey. Bob, Donarth (1996), Global Marketing Management: New Challenges Reshape  Worldwide Competition. Chowdhury, G and Chowdhury, S (2001), Information Sources and Searching on the  World Wide Web, Library Association Publishing, London. Dorf, Richard (2001), Technology, Humans, and Society: Towards A Sustainable World,  Academic Press, San Diego, California. Dwyer, F and Tanner, J (1999), Business Marketing: Connecting Strategy, Relationships,  and Learning, Mc-Graw Hill, Singapore. Ferrell O and Hirt, G (1996), Business: A Changing World, 2nd edn, Times New Mirror  Higher Education. Goodman, R and Lawless, M (1994), Technology and Strategy: Conceptual Models and  Diagnostics, Oxford University Press, New York. Irving, R and Higgins, C (1991), Office Information Systems: Management Issues and  Methods, John Wiley and Sons, Ontario. O’Brien, James (2001), Introduction to Information Systems: Essentials for the  Internetworked E-Business, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Schneider, G Perry, J (1990), Electronic Commerce, Thomson Learning, Singapore. Footnotes [1] Dorf, Richard (2001), Technology, Humans, and Society: Towards A Sustainable World, Academic Press, San Diego, California. [2] Irving, R and Higgins, C (1991), Office Information Systems: Management Issues and Methods, John Wiley and Sons, Ontario. [3] O’Brien, James (2001), Introduction to Information Systems: Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. [4] Goodman, R and Lawless, M (1994), Technology and Strategy: Conceptual Models and Diagnostics, Oxford University Press, New York. [5] Ferrell O and Hirt, G (1996), Business: A Changing World, 2nd edn, Times New Mirror Higher Education. [6] Schneider, G Perry, J (1990), Electronic Commerce, Thomson Learning, Singapore. [7] Dwyer, F and Tanner, J (1999), Business Marketing: Connecting Strategy, Relationships, and Learning, Mc-Graw Hill, Singapore. [8] Bob, Donarth (1996), Global Marketing Management: New Challenges Reshape Worldwide Competition. [9] Berman, B and Evans, J (1998), Retail Management: A Strategic Approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. [10] Berman and Evans. [11] Chowdhury, G and Chowdhury, S (2001), Information Sources and Searching on the World Wide Web, Library Association Publishing, London.

Personal Insight Paper-Group Dynamics -- essays research papers

The Keirsey Temperment Sorter II results imply that I am an ESTJ (Supervisor) and the Strengths Finder Profile results suggest that my five top strengths are ideation, maximizer, input, arranger and command. In the following paragraphs I will identify what I do and how I integrate these strengths in relation to my job, which is administrative specialist for the fundraising division of a not for profit organization called Springfield ARC, better known as Sparc. I will limit descriptions of job related tasks for the sake of brevity. I am responsible for organizing, providing information and taking minutes for three committees throughout the year. These meetings are sometimes combined and sometimes held separately, depending on the time frame of the next fundraiser. I am responsible for all databases, correspondence and communications before and after an event. I am involved in acquiring volunteers, sponsors, advertisers and contributions of various kinds. I am required to delegate tasks to other staff. In this aspect, the command kicks in because I succinctly state what has to be done and why. If these requests are not carried out, I tend to become aggressive in accomplishing these goals. I have been told that one of my best attributes is the ability to call it like I see it. I am told that I am consistent in my gut feelings about an idea in a meeting or the ability of a committee member or staff to perform a task. To this end, my ability to perceive people and ideas out of ...

The Authentic Mexican Restaurant :: Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

If there is one place in Naples that I never get tired of going to, and where I can have fun just by basking in the ambiance of its atmosphere, it’s the authentic Mexican restaurant, Cilantro Tamales. At first glance the restaurant seems to be in an inconspicuous spot, lying in a strip mall containing a no-name music store and consignment shop. However, despite the location, Cilantro Tamales stands out from all other restaurants or gathering places. Cilantro Tamales isn’t a typical Mexican restaurant. Upon entering you are immediately greeted with warm smiles, and are led to a bamboo chaired table with all sorts of hot sauces and other sizzling toppings to greet you. The air is filled with spices. The cinnamon and jalapeà ±o aromas mingle and make the mood rich. Every dish on the menu seems delicious and it is always difficult to decide what to order. I always think that any dish which I don’t try gives me the excuse to come back again. Everyone who eats at Cilantro Tamales gets to have an unlimited amount of their fresh, homemade salsa with warm, salty tortilla chips. The thick chunks of tomatoes and onions with hot peppers and cilantro make a perfect combination for anyone’s taste buds. The waiters and waitresses carry immense trays burdened by the weight of great tasting meals, and each dish has enough on it to make mountains jealous. The delicious food is not the only reason Cilantro Tamales stands out. The restaurant itself is rich with culture and flavor. All the walls are a shade of bright yellow or sun burnt orange and red, which add to the Mexican feel. On the walls are historical black and white pictures of Mexico and its people which act as cultural memories of times past. The Latin and Mexican dance music can always be heard in the restaurant. I sometimes can’t help but move to its invigorating rhythm. An interesting facet to the restaurant is the hand crafted pottery.

An Investigation of Avon Essay -- Business Management Studies

Introduction In this project I will undertake extensive research into a large sized business. I have previously chosen the company Avon. My research will involve the collection of both primary and secondary data. I will compete the report, which will include: * Brief background information about the business and what it does * A description of the aims and objectives of the business * An assessment of how successful the business is in meeting its objectives * An explanation of the legal structure of the business and consider how appropriate is it * An explanation of how each functional area contributes towards the aims and objectives of the organization * A detailed explanation and diagram of the organizational structure and communication channels of business * An analysis of the management style and organizational culture, that considers how they affect the performance of the business and helps meet objectives * A description of the ICT methods used for both internal and external communication * A detailed analysis of the impact of ICT upon internal and external communications of the business and consider how this affects performance of the business * An examination of how structure, management style and culture interrelate to determine the success of the business * Descriptions of the quality assurance and control systems used in the business and analyse how effective these are in adding value * A consideration of alternative methods of quality control including their potential benefits and drawbacks, and the effects it could have on functions and objectives of the business. Task A Name of business – Avon Location – Corby Brief history o... ...y the level above it. The person at the top, Andrea Jung, has overall responsibility. The director is responsible for communicating company policy and making sure it is carried out. Managers are in charge of each departments and are responsible for carrying out the director’s decisions. Their role is to organize staff and motivate them. They must be good at communication. This organisational chart is a visual image of the company. The structure indicates the flow of communication, with the director above who gives information to the various other departments with the communication flow moving down. It also shows the responsibility of individuals and who they are responsible to. For example, the sales division is responsible for the project manager section, and are accountable to the legal department, and at a higher level, the director of the company. An Investigation of Avon Essay -- Business Management Studies Introduction In this project I will undertake extensive research into a large sized business. I have previously chosen the company Avon. My research will involve the collection of both primary and secondary data. I will compete the report, which will include: * Brief background information about the business and what it does * A description of the aims and objectives of the business * An assessment of how successful the business is in meeting its objectives * An explanation of the legal structure of the business and consider how appropriate is it * An explanation of how each functional area contributes towards the aims and objectives of the organization * A detailed explanation and diagram of the organizational structure and communication channels of business * An analysis of the management style and organizational culture, that considers how they affect the performance of the business and helps meet objectives * A description of the ICT methods used for both internal and external communication * A detailed analysis of the impact of ICT upon internal and external communications of the business and consider how this affects performance of the business * An examination of how structure, management style and culture interrelate to determine the success of the business * Descriptions of the quality assurance and control systems used in the business and analyse how effective these are in adding value * A consideration of alternative methods of quality control including their potential benefits and drawbacks, and the effects it could have on functions and objectives of the business. Task A Name of business – Avon Location – Corby Brief history o... ...y the level above it. The person at the top, Andrea Jung, has overall responsibility. The director is responsible for communicating company policy and making sure it is carried out. Managers are in charge of each departments and are responsible for carrying out the director’s decisions. Their role is to organize staff and motivate them. They must be good at communication. This organisational chart is a visual image of the company. The structure indicates the flow of communication, with the director above who gives information to the various other departments with the communication flow moving down. It also shows the responsibility of individuals and who they are responsible to. For example, the sales division is responsible for the project manager section, and are accountable to the legal department, and at a higher level, the director of the company.

Canon: Modifying a Successful Strategy Essay

Canon is a Japan-based manufacturer, with worldwide sales exceeding US$45 billion, and profits of almost US$3 billion. Canon’s well-known product lines include business machines, medical equipment, semiconductors, cameras, video equipment, and broadcast equipment. Business products account for 75 per cent of Canon’s total annual sales, cameras represent 18 per cent of sales, and optical equipment and other products comprise 7 per cent of sales. In most of its markets throughout the world, Canon’s major competitors are other Japan-based manufacturers, such as Sharp (which has a strong line of inexpensive photocopiers and other products aimed at the same small-business market that Canon often pursues, Minolta ( Japan’s largest camera manufacturer and Nikon (known for its technologically advanced products). It also competes against such U.S. firms as Xerox, Kodak and RCA. In 1985, Canon was the 125th largest firm in Fortune’s ranking of industrial corp orations outside the United Stats; today it is in the top 100, Because it is highly committed toward maximizing its long-term performance (as are most Japanese companies), Canon re-evaluated its overall Marketing approach and strategy – so that it may prepare properly for the future. In particular, Canon addressed these two areas: its need to be more market-oriented; and the need to maintain its strong level of foreign sales, particularly in North America and Europe. Over the years, Canon viewed itself as a technology-driven company. According to its corporate communications manager, â€Å"we aim to develop our own unique technologies, which can then form the basis of our products.† As a result, Canons new – product development has been considered a function of Research & Development, not Marketing. But then, the firm realized that this approach must be modified: Canon must change from a product-oriented company to a market-oriented one. Until now we have been more concerned with production and sales than Marketing. We will be focusing more closely on the needs of different consumer groups in each country and less concerned with the traditional production-oriented way of thinking. As part of the need to be more market-driven, Canon restructured from its present three product-based divisions (business machines, cameras, and optical equipment) to a more market-driven structure. In giving Marketing a greater role, Canon is also keeping this in mind: â€Å"As Marketing is made stronger, there is the risk it will weaken the motivation of the engineers who both pilot the new technologies and develop the new products.† With regard to its international efforts, Canon relies on overseas markets for 70 per cent of its total annual sales; this is a much higher percentage than for its competitors. For example, North America and Europe are Canons largest markets; each of these markets comprises 30 per cent of Canon’s sales. Annually, the company spends millions on media advertising, point-of-sale displays, and other promotion materials in North America and Europe. To be more responsive to foreign-market needs, Canon introduced a global Marketing system in recently. This system allows Canon to have similar products and Marketing approaches in various overseas markets while it better tailors business plans to the specialized needs of major market areas. For instance, Canon could develop a computer system with standardized hardware for all market areas, but with software that is tailored to each specialized market. To reduce the impact or trade barriers (such as trade-protection laws restricting the sales of foreign products in domestic markets) and the high value of the Japanese yen relative to other currencies (thereby making Japanese products more expensive in other markets), Canon has begun opening more Research & Development and production facilities abroad. The objective of such a strategy â€Å"is to make Canon a company with no national identity and free from trade friction, keeping production facilities close to the place of consumption.† 1aDescribe the potential areas of conflict between the research-and-development department and the Marketing department at Canon. 1b How may potential conflicts be minimized? 2a Evaluate pros and cons of Canon’s proposal to switch from product-based to market-based business units. 2bWhat are Canon’s new business unit names? Briefly describe the target segment for each business unit. 3.What are the advantages and limitations of using the Boston Consulting Group for business analysis? How can Canon use the BCG matrix in planning its Marketing strategy? 4aCritically assess Canon’s recent international Marketing decisions. 4bIn light of the restructuring, devise a new vision statement for Canon. (Hint: â€Å"A vision is a guiding image of success formed in terms of a contribution to society. If a strategic plan is the â€Å"blueprint† for an organization’s work, then the vision is the â€Å"artist’s rendering† of the achievement of that plan. It is a description in words that conjures up a similar picture for each member of the group of the destination of the group’s work together.†) 5.Why might is be necessary to modify a successful strategy?

Research on Modern Grocery Market in Pakistan

The Evolution of unexampled(a) marketplace placeplace dietstuff place in Pakistan. A inquiry draw to remove ever-ever-changing consumer acquire patterns and opportunities for newfangled entrants in the current marketplace celestial sphere. By Adavanced look for Methods MBA-Evening schedule Section E Submitted on November 19, 2012 flurry of Contents Titles varlet No. basic Information Abstract Ac pick sum up onledgements executive abstract Introduction Methodology question Findings evidence Recommendations Appendices References 02 03 04 05 06 08 09 13 14 15 22 sc allywag 1Prefatory Information inquiry offspring The Evolution of advanced(a) securities industry Market in Pakistan. inquiry Background The traditional intellectual nourishment sell empyrean (sm on the whole local anestheticity memorys, street vendors, general trade stores, and so forth ) comp scratch close 95% of scarcely nutrient sell stores in Pakistan small-arm the ultr a advanced sell sector (hypermarkets, supermarkets, give the axe stores, etc. ) train up the re of import 5%. Over the bygone a few(prenominal) old age outside(a) retailers permit taken advantage of the out emersion opportunities in this market.Well- make outn European retail giants Makro, subway system, and Carrefour (Hyperstar) gull open stores in all study Pakistani metropolitan cities. The port metropolis of Karachi unaccompanied has at least five self-aggrandizing retail stores that serve to a greater extent(prenominal) than 19 meg slew. With a increment middle-in germ clear up (estimated at much than or less 25% of the entire population), switch magnitude urbanization, change magnitude popularity of worldwideistic viands results, and a growing outcome of international restaurants and fast sustenance scopes, Pakistan is emerging as an expanding market for U. S. high- rate agricultural produces.The overall food retail and wholesale affair accounts for 17% of Pakistan? s GDP. These en commodiousd retail stores present been able to tap into the changes in consumer lifestyles and high disposable income. Emerging technologies have correspondingwise contributed to the emergence of the large food retail superstores, which offer a wide clench of value added products and serve to wrong aw be middle income consumers. Convenience stores in flatulence/Gas stations atomic number 18 withal providing an additional option for consumers and their popularity among Pakistani consumers is come up.To turn in slenderly the driving forces that lead changes in the consumer pervert behavior and furtherto a greater extent to re primary(prenominal) the rising motivation of modern-dayized market place stores and hypermarkets which would ultimately guide investors towards an hazard and would permit them k today the critical market actors and consumer call for on the basis of which they should design their businesses t o make headway maximum market dispense in minimum measuring rod of conviction and re arisings. scalawag 2 Abstract The Evolution of Modern Grocery Market in Pakistan. The meat objectives of our look for atomic number 18 omnibus(prenominal)ly explained and okay by the results and take c beations, with vivid illustrations that clarify the main consumer tastes and favorences that argon the agents of changing purchasing patterns universe the case behind the increase number of modern food product stores in major cities of Pakistan which is linked to our second objective that is more towards the coronation hazard for local and contrasted venture capitalists in the mentioned sector. knave 3Acknowledgements front intimately and foremost, we would alike to thank Almighty Allah for enable us to achieve the limit of our project report effectively, next we would like to thank to our course mentor of Advanced Research Methods-E, Mr. Salman Rabbani for the valuable guid ance and advice. He stimulate us greatly to work in this project. His allow foringness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We similarly would like to thank him for showing us some examples that related to the topic of our project.Besides, we would like to thank all those participants, colleagues and partitioning brace for providing us with their valuable insights and responses that enabled us to spot this project. Group Members Sandhya Talreja Talha Abid 1235220 1235182 Page 4 Executive Summary The change magnitude number of modern securities industry stores ar chop-chop increasing in Karachi and other cities of Pakistan which accounts for attracting volume of the customers and acquiring market sh ar more than it was in the aside few years.These mammoth stores make up 5% of all Pakistan? s retail food stores. there argon two segments of modern food markets. adept segment is dominated by the international groups and there ar similarly mun icipal food retailers that are to a fault utilizing new modern retail formats. For example, large food retail stores (Metro, Makro, and Hyperstar) comprise almost 2% of all Pakistani food retail outlets with an estimated annual upset of $176 million. The overall shell out of merchandise food products in the large retail stores is about 5. 6%.To decompose and figure out factors that have changed the buying patterns crosswise the urban areas of Pakistan across all major population segments based on the demo vivid characteristics. The later part of the research authenticly(p) describes investment opportunity and egression indicators with rising purchasing power of battalion and increasing consumption patterns leading to zest buying behavior. Appendices and annexes contain some useful facts that obtain the future trends of retailing in Pakistan that how changes are anticipated in the years to come with love to building, selling, supply chain prudence and customer assist ancesPage 5 Introduction Consumer diet Purchasing air The number Pakistani consumer go pasts 42% of his income on food. Consumption of imported processed and spend a penny-to-eat food is greater in urban areas because of higher(prenominal) disposable incomes and coming to modern style of food. A emblematic Pakistani household makes regular purchases of secure foods (i. e. , wheat flour, pulses, edible oils, fruits, ve depressables, draw, meat, etc. ) several(prenominal) cadences per month from neighborhood stores payable to thingamabob, perceived freshness, and particular storage spot at home.A growing number of puppylike Pakistani professionals (male/female) generally take making monthly food purchases from modern retail stores due to greater garland of products, air stores, and to bask food operate all infra one roof, thus providing the opportunity of combining one stop obtain? with a family outing. Affluent Pakistani families are attracted towards modern re tail stores due to their affordability, strategical locations, chafe to the imported processed food, and open choices for multiple product range.In comparison the countryfied consumer prefers homemade products, organic fruits & vegetables, and has limited access to processed food. The demand for imported food such as dates, cereals, beverages, chocolates, almonds, cakes, fruits and fruit juices reaches its peak during the festive season, especially at Eid and Ramadan. however Pakistan has a large and growing middle-income class (estimated at about 25% of the derive population).It also has a large and growing young population and over 55 percent Pakistani? s are in the 10-40 years age bracket. The pep pill middle-income class is currently estimated at 17 million, with relatively high per capita income which favors consumer spending. Since 2000 demand for narrow down products targeted at the middle-income consumers have increased importantly. The forthcoming changes in the Pakistani consumer demographic will create opportunities and challenges for companies doing business in Pakistan.Keeping in view the supra stated scenario and these facts the well described the consumer demographics in Pakistan, we decided to convey a quantitative research to know the factors of changing buying patterns and also to come close the magnitude of opportunity for the new entrants in the huge retail mart market that estimates about US$ 42 one million million million per annum. Page 6 Research Objectives ? ? To study the changes in buying patterns of consumers in metropolitan cities of Pakistan, subsequently the climax of modern grocery stores.To what extent these retail chains have been successful and to analyze if there is an opportunity for new entrants in the current scenario. Research Question ? ? What factors are responsible for changing buying behavior of pot be to urban areas of Pakistan? What is the size of opportunity that exists for new entrants in the current market? Page 7 Methodology The research methodology comprised of an online visual modality and questionnaire that was conducted finishedout the city of Karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore and Islamabad. There were 10 option-based question that were designed to get the responses covering the two basic research objectives.Respondents were randomly selected and were asked to fill out a questionnaire which contained predetermined options and with other unrestricted options as well, most of the participants were belonged to Karachi along with a momentous number of online respondents from Hyderabad, Lahore and Islamabad adding a variety of responses from urban areas of Pakistan. Respondents were divided into four main categories on the basis of their Gender, Age, matrimonial locating and Income to have a fair intelligence of different tokens of take and orientations of different consumer segments.Quantitative Research There was a need to limit the number of consumer that op t or prefer a certain attribute, products or services at these different stores so in terms of percentages it was easy to present and interpret data that was collected as a result of written report- questionnaire. First of all there was a pre-test conducted to know the validity and persuasiveness of the questionnaire and methodology and after that actual survey was launched online and respondents were asked to fill the survey.Online survey snubd the time and other costs associated to our research and proven to be a cost-effective incision to conduct our survey. Page 8 Research Findings On the basis of two unequivocal objectives the research findings are included in this report, the initial objective to determine factors that capture consumer buying behavior are the overall services offered, flavour and branded products, convenience of acquire all items at a hotshot point, no grocery items including mold apparel, cosmetics, medicine, home decor and so on remained the sign alise choices of the respondents.Regarding the second objective that was to know the size of opportunity for new entrants that was asked in a question to know precise demand of the modern grocery outlets in Karachi and other urban cities, the findings exhibit that a clear majority of the respondents want to have more modern grocery stores in their locality, exact figures are mentioned in the graphical representation section later in this report. Other quantitative results include the frequence of purchases, expenditure and preferred store type that are also useful to mastermind the size of the opportunity in this sector.Moreover participants also provided very insightful responses in open-ended options that highlighted many other things that they prefer at these modern stores. Including improvement suggestions regarding, customer sustentation and rush, committedness and rabbet programs were dominant responses of the survey discussed in the detail in graphical representation se ction. Page 9 vivid Representation and Analysis 1. Grocery work blackleg Type It? quite clear from the market share that supermarkets and hypermarkets have acquired during past suspender of years is significantly improved up to 30% for each category. Grocery submit Type frequent stores 30% 30% 18% 22% Dept. Stores Super Markets Hypermarkets 2. Grocery Frequency Frequency as compared to past trend of weekly or perfunctory grocery purchases has been transplanted to monthly purchases leading towards impulse buying behavior after the advent of the modern hypermarkets and superstores 60% 40% 20% 0% Grocery Frequency hebdomadally Fortnightly Monthly others 3.Grocery Market parcel Modernized supermarkets lead the market with 48% share of the grocery sector these markets are convenience to mickle living in developed areas of Karachi catering their grocery needs effectively. Grocery Market Share Hyperstar 14% 18% 20% 48% Metro/Makro Naheed/Chaseup /Aghaz/Imtiaz others 4. Grocery S pending Most of the people that opted for modern grocery stores belong to higher income segment and majority spends more than Rs. 7000 on their grocery needs. This indicates a higher magnetic inclination of the people to consume in the friendship. 0% 30% 20% 10% 0% Grocery Spending (PKR) 26% 6% 32% 36% Page 10 5. likeable Factors The factors that were dominant among the responses were convenience of getting all items at a single stop and stintingal purchases thus weighed down grocery budgets, this is the core reason that has changed buying patterns of consumers in the youthful years. other factors Appealing Factors efficient impregnable and Convenience adequate to(predicate) Economical 0% 20% 40% Adequate Parking Convenience Safe and Secure other factors Non grocery items 6.Non-grocery items come on of the non-grocery items most people preferred cosmetics reason universe the majority of female respondents in our sample. Rest of the people preferred medicines and ready to wear apparels. 0% 50% 46% 20% 16% 8% 10% 7. Additional Food Items Other than coarse grocery items as food staples there was a significant rise in the demand and preference to ready-to-eat/ frozen-food, reason being the most of the married females are opting for careers and workplaces then frozen foods provides them convenience and quick food solutions. 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Additional Food Items 2% sweetened fruits and vegetables meat/chicken/p oultry fixed food others 16% 16% 6% 8. Improvement Suggestions Discount separate were the most opted option by the respondents as people tend to buy in larger quantities they expect a significant amount off as a discount as well as the loyalty or privilege cards were also and added suggestion along with the speedy billing process due to the shortage of time in the busy schedule of people living in the large cities. 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Improvement Suggestions 48% 28% 12% 12% dedication cards Discount cards swift billing process others Page 11 9.More Grocery Stores So about 90% of the people responded in positive when they were asked about more grocery stores in their city mainly because the convenience these stores offer, while the be 10% who opted for No, further explained there are enough no of stores in their neck of the woods only need is to improve their service quality. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% More Grocery Stores 90% 10% Yes No Yes No 10. Most preferred attribute grapheme is the most opted attribute and mostly the quality products and services available at modern grocery store provide an added gain to the customers and delight them in many ways. 0% 60% 40% 20% 0% Most preferred attribute feel Pricing Brand Other Page 12 Conclusions After studying the legal brief results and graphical illustrations we hereby conclude that major causes of change in consumer purchase patterns are superior quality of products and services offered to customers at economical prices, thus elevating the overa ll value for customers when it comes to convenience blackleg, hassle-free parking, pleasant environment, serene ambiance, sanctuary and security which preceding(prenominal)ly was not offered by any of the conventional grocery stores of their localities.Now majority of the consumers prefer going to modern supermarkets and hypermarkets rather than the wholesale markets, to avoid the long fatigue grocery shopping which included nerve-racking parking, lack of security and safety. Moreover people on weekends go for grocery shopping with their families which allows them to spend quality time with their family as an outing or entertainment and enjoy shopping with all the modern state of the art facilities offered by malls and shopping centers.Furthermore, along with the basic grocery items people tend to shop additional items including garments, cosmetics, fashion products, frozen foods, medicines and so on that is again an appealing factor that directed majority of the customers towa rds these modernized grocery store thus offering more and more benefits and ease to customers.As it has been witnessed that in the past few years the retail market dynamics have changed dramatically with modern grocery stores capturing the 40% share in the sector it is therefore a paying(a) sector for orthogonal investors in the sectors and source of high FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) that would increase employment opportunities for our population and also would add up to fiscal revenues for the government. Page 13 RecommendationsAfter the completion of this research that was in response to previous researches on Emergence of Modern retail in Pakistan and Market Transformation referable To Current Economic Turmoil (USA and European retail sphere of influences) we suggest a comprehensive and more sophisticated research should be carried out on a moneymaking(prenominal) level to have an in-depth knowledge and insights about the market. Many of the indicators suggest the modern society in Pakistan are moving towards big money consumption and retail sector concomitant has been the key performer accounts for an annual turnover of about US$ 42 billion(estimated).So in response to it another research should carried out on Factors of Impulse Buying Behavior of consumer segments in Pakistan with respect to the modern grocery markets rapidly increasing and expanding the retail sector in Pakistan. The scope of our research was limited to few major cities of Pakistan i. e. Karachi Lahore Islamabad and Hyderabad, so its scope should be increased for future research also incorporating the useful insights of the key industry players of the modern grocery markets. Page 14 Appendices Appendix-1 (Survey Questionnaire) ARM-Questionnaire Demographics Age ? 7-28 ? 29-40 ? 41 & above Gender ? M ? F Marital Status ? Single ? Married total Household Income (PKR) ? 10,000-20,000 ? 20,001-50,000 ? 50,001 & above Area of dwelling _____________________________________________ ___________ 1. What type of grocery store do you prefer for your grocery shopping? ? General stores ? Departmental stores ? Super market ? Hyper-markets 2. 3. 4. 5. How often you go for grocery shopping? ? weekly ? fortnightly (every 15 days) ? Monthly ? others recreate specify_____ Which store do you often prefer for your grocery needs? ?Hyperstar ? Metro/Makro ?Naheed/Chase-up/Imtiaz/Aghas ? Others___ On average how much amount you spend on your grocery? (PKR) ? 1000-3000 ? 4000-7000 ? 7000-myriad ? Above 10000 Based on the prior selected store which factor makes you buy from that store? ?Economical ? Adequate Parking ? Convenience (all items under one-roof) ? Safe and secure environment ? Others divert specify___________________ What type of items do you prefer to shop along-with grocery? ?Cosmetics ? Garments ? Medicines ? Electronic Appliances ? Others_____ What additional foods items do you like to buy form the grocery stores? Fresh Fruits and Vegetable ? Meat/ crybaby/Fish ? Frozen Foods ? Others__________ What improvements you like substantiate as far as services are concerned? ? subjection cards ? Discount coupons ? Speedy billing process ? Others _______ Would like to have more stores and hyper markets? ?Yes ? No What do you prefer the most for your grocery items? ?Quality ? Pricing ? Brand ? Others occupy specify___________ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Thank you for your time and attention. Page 15 Appendix-2 FMCG Companies Profit From Rural Consumption ruin in Pakistan By Riaz Haq Higher return prices have increased bring upers? ncomes in Pakistan by Rs. 342 billion in the 12 months finished June, harmonize to a government economic survey. That was higher than the gain of Rs. 329 billion in the preceding eight years, according to a report by Bloomberg stark nakeds. Companies like Millat tractors, Honda atlas Motorcycles, Pak Suzuki Motors, Engro Foods, Telnor, snuggle, Colgate-Palmo prevail, Proctor and Gamble and Unilever have been big beneficiarie s of the current hobnailed consumption boom. come near Pakistans chief Ian Donald has summed up the rising demand for his companys products as follows It? a common acquaintance that China and India are much big in terms of harvest-time than Pakistan. but for go up, the per capita consumption of our products in Pakistan is twice as much as we have in China and India. It should be noted that Nestle is the worlds largest packaged food company, and Pakistanis per capita consumption of draw and dairy products is about 2. 5 measure higher than in India. According to the FAO, the average dairy consumption of the developing countries is unagitated very low (45 kg of all dairy products in liquid milk equivalent), compared with the average of 220 kg in the industrial countries.Few developing countries have per capita consumption surpass 150 kg (Argentina, Uruguay and some artless countries in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Africa). Among the most populous countries, only Pakistan, a t 153 kg per capita, has such a level. In South Asia, where milk and dairy products are preferred foods, India has only 64 kg and Bangladesh 14 kg. einsteinium Asia has only 10 kg. Here are a few key points excerpted from a recent Businessweek story on rise of the bucolic consumer in Pakistan 1. Unilever and Colgate-Palmolive Co. re displace gross salespeople into rural areas of the world? s one- sestetth most-populous nation, where demand for consumer goods such as Sunsilk shampoo, syndicate? s moisturizers and Colgate toothpaste has processioned local units? revenue at least 15 percent. Page 16 2. The rural push is aimed at the crude youth in these areas, who have free cash and resources to increase purchases, Shazia Syed, vice hot seat for customer development at Unilever Pakistan Ltd. , express in an interview. Rural growth is more than double that of national sales. 3.Consumer-goods companies forecast growth in Pakistan even as an increase in ethnic violence in Kar achi has made 2011 the deadliest in 16 years for the country? s biggest city and pecuniary center. 4. Nestle Pakistan Ltd. is spending 300 million Swiss francs ($326 million) to double dairy railroad siding in four years, boosted sales 29 percent to 33 billion rupees ($378 million) in the six months through June. We have been focus on rural areas very strongly, Ian Donald, managing theatre managing director of Nestle? s Pakistan unit, utter in an interview in Lahore. Our observation is that Pakistan? rural economy is doing better than urban areas. 5. hadji Mirbar, who grows cotton wool on a 5-acre farm with his four brothers, give tongue to his family? s income grew five-fold in the year through June, allowing him to buy branded products. He uses Unilever? s Lifebuoy for his out-of-door baths under a hand pump, or else of the handmade soap he employ before. We had a great year because of cotton prices, said Mirbar, 28, who lives in a colonisation outside south Pakistan ? s Matiari town. As our income has risen, we want to buy nice things and live like kings. 6.Sales for the Pakistan unit of Unilever rose 15 percent to 24. 8 billion rupees in the first half. Colgate-Palmolive Pakistan Ltd.? s sales increased 29 percent in the six months through June to 7. 6 billion rupees, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. In a generally faltering economy, the double-digit growth in revenue for companies servicing the consumer sector has come almost entirely from the rural areas, said Sakib Sherani, chief executive officer at Macroeconomic Insights Pvt. in Islamabad and a former economic adviser to Pakistan? s finance ministry. 7.Unilever is pushing dish aerial products in the countryside through a program called Guddi Baji, an Urdu word that literally means doll sister. It employs beauty specialists who understand rural women, providing them with vans filled with samples and equipment, Syed said. Women in villages are also employed as sales representati ves, because rural is the Page 17 growth engine for Unilever in Pakistan, she said in an interview in Karachi. temporary hookup the bulk of spending for rural families goes to food, about 20 percent is spent on looking beautiful and buying high-ticket(prenominal) clothes, Syed said. . Colgate-Palmolive, the world? s largest toothpaste maker, aims to address a huge gap in sales outside Pakistan? s cities by more than tripling the number of villages where its products, such as Palmolive soap, are exchange, from the current 5,000, said Syed Wasif Ali, rural operations manager at the local unit. 9. Its detergents Bonus Tristar and Brite are packed in sachets of 20 grams or less and priced as low as five rupees (6 cents), to boost sales among low-income consumers hurt by the swift pace of inflation in Asia after Vietnam.Unilever plans to increase the number of villages where its products are sold to almost half of the total 34,000 deep down three years. Its merchandise, including Dove shampoo, Surf detergent and Brooke Bond Supreme tea, is available in about 11,000 villages now. 10. Pakistan, Asia? s third-largest wheat grower, in 2008 increased wheat prices by more than 50 percent as summit Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani sought to boost turnout of the staple. The injection of purchasing power in the rural sector has been unprecedented, said Sherani, who added that local prices for rice and sugarcane have also risen. 1. Telenor Pakistan Pvt. is also expanding in Pakistan? s rural areas, which already contribute 60 percent of sales, said Anjum Nida Rahman, corporate communications director for the local unit of the Nordic neck of the woods? s largest phone company. While the front man of multinational consumer product giants like Nestle and Unilever receive more coverage in the western media, the Euromonitor report finds that Pakistani FMGC companies like Engro Foods, Haleeb Foods, Shezan, Tapal, Shan and others dominate the packaged food business in Pakista n. Heres an excerpt from a recent Euromonitor report on Pakistan.Page 18 Appendix- 3 Study of the worldwide sell Markets Drivers of Retail Change Internationally There are significant changes underway in the international retail sector. Some are already evident in the Irish retail market while others are now beginning to show an impact. The key drivers of change in the retail sector are Consumer shopping habits and meal preparation habits are changing. This is driving the food retail structure to one of large stores for once-weekly shopping trips and smaller convenience stores for top-up purchases. Relatively low growth in retail spending across Europe, particularly in the food sector, which is generating substantial competition between retailers. A shift in the determinant of consumer demand from price consciousness to value for money. A stronger preference for service and convenience, some(prenominal) in retail service and also in product choice. The development of a more international outlook and a greater consciousness of international brands. More focused marketing methods, referred to as mass customization? and competition for consumer loyalty. The retail sector is still relatively highly regulated in many countries, specifically in the areas of planning regulations in respect of new store development and operative hours. Developments in information and communications technologies (ICTs) are enabling improvements in market research and analysis, and supply chain management. This is driving significant change in international retail supply chains as retailers look out increasing efficiencies and seek to reduce inventories. Page 19 Appendix-4Future of Retail Sector in Pakistan The expected future trends in the retail sector in Pakistan are that The retail sector can be expected to keep back to grow in line with the overall growth of the economy, thereby providing further employment and an increasing function to economic activity. The le vel of submerging, i. e. , the market share held by major retailers, in both the food and clothing sectors, is expected to continue to increase. Further consolidation in the market can be expected through mergers and acquisitions of national retailers and foreign retailers in the current market.Acquisition is likely to be the mode of market entry for large scale foreign retailers into the future. Size & Structure The strucuture of the retail sector is changing as Retailers are growing larger through mergers and acquisitions both in domestic and international markets The number of large sized stores is increasing significantly Levels of concentration in retail markets are increasing Order sizes and deliveries from suppliers are growing and suppliers are increasing in scale. Customer function Customer service is developing rapidly through Home hopping and delivery net profit shopping Longer opening hours Loyalty card schemes Better in-store service Micro-marketing to individualist customers and Improved post order. Page 20 Diversification Retailers are pursuing growth through diversification into New product areas, by food retailers into non-food goods, and into new markets such as apparel and music New business sectors such as banking and indemnification and New geographic markets, nationally and internationally, mail order, teleshopping and ecommerce.Supply-Chain worry Retailers are increasing their view as over the whole supply chain by implementing Centralized distribution in effect(p) consumer response (ECR) Increased traceability of goods Increased investment in Information Technology Supplier rationalization programs Greater involvement in supplier operations. Page 21 References Retail Sector Dynamics in Ireland-www. forfas. ie. European Journal of Scientific Research Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http//www. eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm http//www. iazhaq. com/2011/10/fmcg-companies-profit-from-rural. html Retail mark ets planning guide-FAO air http//www. fao. org/docrep/v8390e/V8390E00. HTM New generation of retail markets By Ashfak Bokhari From InpaperMagzine 23rd July, 2012 http//dawn. com/2012/07/23/new-generation-of-retail-markets/ Retails Hottest Emerging Markets, 2012 http//www. cnbc. com/id/47782726/Retail_s_Hottest_Emerging_Markets_2012 Economic Impact of retail in Pakistan Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management Page 22